Essay Sample on Attention Deficit Disorder

Essay Sample on Attention Deficit Disorder Attention Deficit Disorder, also known as ADD, ADHD, or simply hyperactivity, can be displayed among children, adolescents and even adults. â€Å"Doctors and educators often use the term ‘attention-deficit disorder’ (ADD) to describe the way certain children act in the classroom† (NIMH â€Å"A Treatment Study†). In loose terms, these children squirm in their seats, fiddle with their papers, fidget with their hands, and move around to the point that they disturb other children. â€Å"Not long ago, children who behaved in certain ways were called ‘bundles of energy,’ ‘daydreamers,’ or ‘fireballs.’ Now they’re considered ‘hyperactive,’ ‘distractible,’ or ‘impulsive’-victims of the ubiquitous Attention Deficit Disorder† (Armstrong). There are many different forms of treatment or approaches that are used to help children with ADD, including changing the child’s env ironment, parent counseling and behavior modification and the use of medication. Of all the different types of treatments, studies seem to focus mostly on stimulant medications. Ritalin is the most commonly used stimulant medication and is the best treatment because it has a calming and focusing effect, increases confidence and self-esteem, and it has low abuse potential. Attention Deficit Disorder, ADD, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD, refer â€Å"to a family of related chronic neurobiological disorders that interfere with an individual’s capacity to regulate activity level (hyperactivity), inhibit behavior (impulsivity), and attend to tasks (inattention) in developmentally appropriate ways† (NIMH â€Å"ADHD-Questions and Answers†). According to the National Institute of Mental Health, research shows that ADD tends to run in families, so it is likely to be genetic. At least one-third of all fathers, who had Attention Deficit Disorder growing up, have children with ADD. Attention Deficit Disorder is one of the most common mental disorders among children. It affects three to five percent of all children, which equals about two million American children. Also, boys are two to three times more likely affected than girls (â€Å"ADHD†). The main symptoms of ADD include inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Inattentive people have a hard time focusing on one task and may get bored with it after only a few minutes. Hyperactive people always seem to be in motion and can not sit still or they may do things like shaking their feet or tapping a pen on the table. Impulsive people are those who do not think about the consequences of their actions beforehand, even though they know the difference between right and wrong. Children with Attention Deficit Disorder have also shown specific learning problems involving word confusion, math, writing, spelling and reading. â€Å"Although both inattentiveness and impulsiveness do tend to get better as the child grows older, teenagers with ADHD continue to experience much greater difficulty than do other teenagers† (Greenberg 11). If untreated, as children with ADD grow older, they are more likely to experience drug abuse, antisocial behavior, conduct disorders and injurie s. Methylphenidate, also known as Ritalin, is a central nervous system stimulant and is not a new medication. In fact, it has been around for about thirty years and increasingly prescribed to treat Attention Deficit Disorder. â€Å"Since 1990, Ritalin production is up 700 percent, and nearly 15 percent of America’s school-age children are using psychiatric prescription drugs† (Colgan 61). Ritalin has effects similar to, yet more potent than caffeine and less potent than amphetamines. It has a notably calming effect on hyperactive children and a focusing effect on those with ADD. Life can be hard on children with Attention Deficit Disorder. Ritalin allows them to concentrate and finish the homework, which they were once not able to. Until recently, most studies involve the short-term effectiveness of stimulants. â€Å"There is no information on the long-term outcomes of medication-treated ADHD individuals in terms of educational and occupational achievements, involvement with the police, or other areas of social functioning† (NIMH â€Å"ADHD-Questions and Answers†). First-hand experience, with children taking Ritalin, has influenced my opinion as to whether it is the right treatment for Attention Deficit Disorder, ADD. Working at an after school daycare, I have witnessed many temper tantrums and fights or arguments between children, as well as children and adults. Some, not all, of these children have either ADD or ADHD. On days where they have forgotten to take their medication, many of these incidences occur. I could definitely see a difference in their behavior and they do not seem like themselves. These children will lash out at other children and adults if they do not get their own way or like what they are told to do. One incident sticks out in my mind; a boy threw a basketball at another boy for stealing the ball from him during a game. This boy was then told to go inside, sit down and put his head down. He then started to throw a temper tantrum, banged his head on the table and made his lip bleed. After threatening to send him up to the principal’s office, he calmed down a little. For the rest of the day though, he was upset and just not his normal self. Life can be hard for children with Attention Deficit Disorder. ADD frustrates many children because of the fact that they can not concentrate and seem to always get into trouble, whether it is at home or in school. They also are shunned by a lot of children because of the way they act and treat others. Some children are even too quiet or shy, so children do not even bother talking to them. The results Ritalin has on children with ADD, gives them a good self-image and higher self-esteem. These children do not get into as much trouble, which means they are not always being yelled at or punished. Their grades improve along with their social skills. Other children will now talk and play with them. As previously stated, if untreated, as children with ADD grow older, they are more likely to experience drug abuse, antisocial behavior, conduct disorders and injuries. A little girl in my mother’s Kindergarten class had trouble concentrating in school and always seemed to be in â€Å"la la land.† Once diagnosed with ADD and treated with Ritalin, she had no problems focusing during class. A direct result of this was her grades improving tremendously. She also began talking more during class and with the other children. It was obvious that her self-esteem had greatly improved. â€Å"According to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency, Ritalin is considered a Class II Drug and a controlled substancelike cocaine, methamphetamine and methadone† (Methylphenidate). A drug becomes a controlled substance when it has the potential for abuse or addiction, yet the National Institute on Drug Abuse states that people with ADD, taking stimulant medication do not become addicted when taken in the form and amount prescribed (â€Å"Methylphenidate†). New research from the National Institute of Health explains why this is true. Oral doses of Ritalin take about sixty minutes to reach its peak. Concentration in the brain, compared to five minutes for cocaine or nine minutes for Ritalin taken intravenously. This is why people with Attention Deficit Disorder, taking Ritalin, do not experience a â€Å"high† from their medication and therefore do not abuse it (â€Å"New Research†). There are many cases where people who do not need to take it, abuse Ritalin. When abused, in order to get â€Å"high†, Ritalin tends to be taken intravenously or snorted, showing the relevance of the form Ritalin it is taken in. The theft and abuse of these drugs overwhelmingly occurs in schools. A recent incident involved two teachers at a Tennessee school. These teachers had been caught stealing their students’ Ritalin. Also, in Georgia, investigators are looking into the theft of over four hundred pills between two schools. In these two incidences, investigators thought the pills had been stolen for personal use or for re-selling on the street or to other students (Colgan 62). Ritalin is the most commonly used stimulant medication and is the best treatment because it has a calming and focusing effect, increases confidence and self-esteem, and it has low abuse potential. It has been around for many years and most commonly used to treat those with Attention Deficit Disorder, ADD. Although Ritalin is not the â€Å"cure† for ADD, it is the best treatment and easiest for both the parents and children to deal with. Taking a pill has no effect on the child’s daily routines. Where as, other treatments take a lot more time and effort on everyone’s part, such as counseling, behavior modification and environmental changes. A combination of Ritalin along with these other treatments is the best chance for a child with ADD to live a â€Å"normal,† and happy life. Ritalin alone is an enormous step in the right direction!

Sustainability in bussiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainability in bussiness - Essay Example This got followed up by a prevailing trend in industry with more people pursuing businesses as a path for their livelihood. As this increase came and businesses started to develop and expand far and wide across the globe at a rapid pace this lead to the era of late 90’s where production and manufacturing of goods reached their peaks requiring extraction of raw materials in abundance leading to excess production of goods wasting a lot of useful resources. Also at the same time many new experiments were being tried out in pursuit of inventing or coming up with products containing the X factor which will be capable enough to earn revenues for the company by attracting scores of consumers. As a result many prototype projects headed towards the market with the similar intentions of gaining popularity and strength in the market which had little focus on the design and resource utilization as in that stretch little research and focus was concentrated on sustainability and effective u se and utilization of resources along with no think tank established to monitor the environmental and ecological effects of these developments and productions. No strict laws were there on which businesses and industries were bound to adhere regarding social, economical and environmental issues as the era was all about development and excelling in the industry. The consumer had the buying power and were not concerned about what processes, methods and technologies are used for the productions of their desired goods. Consumers were at most concerned with the health issues related to products and adverse effects if not used properly. No other knowledge pertaining to the manufacturing and production processes were considered important. ARISING PROBLEMS AND ISSUES: As this rapid expansion and growth of businesses and industries grew and launches of new goods and products continued problems started to surface which caught the attention of many environmentalists, businessmen, industrialist s and people. The environmentalist started to notice that in the course of previous century the production and manufacturing plants all over the world were functioning near to their full or almost full capacities in production processes. The outcome emerged as a massive increase in pollution rates in those regions where these industrial sites were located which not only affected the environmental condition but health experts also expressed concerning the health hazards they might lead to in the longer run. Businessmen and industrialists started to express their concerns regarding cost of production which started to increase due to higher productions costs and the prices of commodities rising which in turn reduced the buying power of the consumers. The paradox that surfaced over here was that if less goods were produced keeping in mind the market trend and buying power it would be costly for the business while if the concentration was focused on reducing cost the production then the production needed to be in bulk which would have two fold negative impact. First one if production would be in bulk more resources and materials will be utilized and extracted to produce goods impacting the environment but providing cheaper goods to consumers. The other factor the production in bulk with

Operations management techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Operations management techniques - Essay Example Operations managers in this sector need to be very enthusiastic in application of the best operations techniques in order to meet the organizational goals. This requires an emphasis on the type of product to consumers, the required production processes, as well as the demand for the organization’s products and services (Scribd, 2011). The discussion in this paper aims at evaluating the usefulness of application of operations management techniques in meeting customer’s needs, as well as the achievement of organizational objectives. Operations management Operations management entails utilizing and overseeing the accomplishment of vital processes that help in making the ultimate consumable products in an organization. The operations are those processes that are involved in the conversion of inputs into outputs within a sound organization. They range from manufacturing, serving, training, and distribution of goods and services within a hotel, which is a food supplies indust ry. The rationale of the operations management is the careful monitoring of production’s activities, with the aim of producing quality products and distributing them appropriately. The overall major activities involved are those that entail the creation of products, development of new products and methodologies, as well as the ample distribution activities (Mukherjee. and Kachwala, 2009). Careful implementation of the reinstated activities is considered vital in the achievement of goals within the hotel sector. Therefore, the analysis of the internal hotel procedures and the substantial measurement are the two crucial factors of operations management. Significantly, the operations management in a hotel is accounted by the nature of their services and products, the operational scope, as well as the ultimate goals to be achieved. The operations managers in a hotel are ones that are charged with the responsibility of overseeing production and distribution activities. Moreover, t he achievement of the operations services and activities is done via utilization of vital techniques, specific for each technical requirement (Kamauff, 2009). Operations management techniques The operations management techniques entail those processes that are employed as drivers to the operations management services stated above. The conversion of inputs into outputs requires utilization of equipment, material purchase, as well as management and monitory personnel for the sake of the required processes. There are various categories of the techniques, some of which are based on tools and equipment and others based on the operations research. Each technique employed is vital in accomplishment of a specific service in the operations management. They are inclusive of purchases management techniques that are useful when buying raw materials for the production of ultimate required goods within a hotel (Greswell, 2007). The inventory control technique is also very useful when it comes to invention of new strategies as well as adoption of new equipment. The quality control techniques are ample in ensuring delivery of valid products and services to organizational consumers.

Essay on school uniforms Essay Example for Free

Essay on school uniforms Essay Imagine being able to wake up every morning, roll out of bed, put on the same thing you wore the day before, and head off to school. Not only would you be able to do such a thing, but all of your friends were doing it, too! Sound too good to be true? Well, its becoming more common in our society as school uniforms have gone beyond private schools to public schools. Uniforms have a positive effect on students self-esteem, attendance, discipline, and test scores. They have also been proven to decrease the rate of crime and violence in public schools. Most students and even parents will argue that SCHOOL UNIFORMS stifle individualism. The teenage years are a time when adolescents try out different personas, often experimenting with different styles of clothing during this phase. Opponents argue that uniforms take away an individuals freedom of expression. However, the clothes that people wear, or can afford to wear, often define the group by which they are accepted. As a result, many teens are outcast due to the fact that they cannot afford the top-of-the-line, name-brand clothing. This rejection can lead to several problems for the outcast teen: depression, inability to concentrate on schoolwork, or just a general feeling of inferiority. School uniforms put everyone on the same level because no outfit is more stylish or expensive than another. Linda Moore, principal at Will Rogers Middle School in Long Beach, California, states, Uniforms reduce the differences between the haves and have-nots (Ritter, 1). Uniforms allow students to interact with one another without experiencing the socioeconomic barrier that non-uniform schools create. More importantly, children are not judged on how much they spent on clothes or how stylish they look, but rather for their talents and personalities. School uniforms not only break down socioeconomic barriers, but they also increase the safety of the students. In 1996, President Bill Clinton encouraged the use of school uniforms as part of an education program that sought to improve safety and discipline (Hoffman, 1). If students are all wearing the same type of outfit, it becomes much easier to spot outsiders  who may wander onto the campus. In addition, uniforms decrease the number of incidences of students being attacked or beaten for items of clothing such as shoes and jackets. Also, members of gangs frequently have a color or style of clothing used to identify themselves. Unsuspecting students who wear gang colors or gang-related attire might be threatened or intimidated by members of opposing gangs, students wearing expensive or fashionable clothes might become victims of theft, or certain fashion accessories or attire may be used as a means of concealing weapons, or even as weapons (Paliokas, 1). At a school in Long Beach, California, after only the first year that uniforms were implemented, overall school crime decreased 36 percent, fights decreased 51 percent, sex offenses decreased 74 percent, weapons offenses decreased 50 percent, assault and battery offenses decreased 34 percent, and vandalism decreased 18 percent (Manual, 3). Schools with uniform-clad students are also proven to have fewer disciplinary problems and increased attendance than non-uniform schools. Dr. John German, principal of South Shore, located in Seattle, Washington, reports, This year the demeanor in the school has improved 98 percent, truancy and tardies are down, and we have not had one reported incident of theft (Manual,4). Ruffner Middle School, located in Norfolk, Virginia, reports a 47 percent decrease in students leaving class without permission (Manual,5). With the implementation of uniforms, students no longer spend hours deciding what they are going to wear to school. This fear of looking uncool will often cause kids to decide that they do not feel well enough to go to school because they cant find anything to wear. Uniforms allow students to focus more on their academics, and less on what everyone else is wearing. According to Long Beach police chief William Ellis, Students concentrate more on education, not on whos wearing $100 shoes or gang attire (Manual, 3). Elementary Guidance Counselor Sharon Carter of Memphis, Tennessee states, The tone of the school is different. Theres not the competitiveness†¦about whos wearing what (Manual, 5). Many families worry about not having enough money to buy uniforms. Due to the fact that no child can be denied an education because of economic  disadvantage, all schools requiring uniforms must include provisions to assist low-income families. For example, the Long Beach School District solved this problem by setting up a boutique shop, funded by private donors, where needy students can shop (Paliokas, 5). In addition, community and business leaders provide or contribute financial support for uniforms, and students who have graduated often donate their used uniforms to incoming students (Manual, 3). However, uniforms are considerably cheaper to buy than non-uniform clothes, and the students can wear them every day and it isnt considered unusual. Parents can buy a few pairs of pants, shirts, or other variations of a uniform for under $100, while parents of non-uniform-wearing students can spend from several hundred up to $1,000 a year on clothing. Parents find that buying two or three uniforms is ultimately cheaper than buying clothes to follow the fads, and it stops arguments at home in the mornings about what to wear (Oland, 1). Pop culture increasingly sends young girls the message that the smaller and tighter the clothes, the more readily they will be accepted. These outfits, which flaunt navels and bra straps, are not only distracting, but detract from teaching time as teachers argue with students about what is considered acceptable attire. With uniforms, there are only a few acceptable variations of the outfit, no questions asked. A less well-known theory concerning the pros of school uniforms is the halo effect. According to researcher Marc Posner, the halo effect refers to the idea that while uniforms may not change student behavior, the uniforms may change the way teachers and other adults perceive the students who wear them. In a study of the correlation of student clothing and teacher and student perceptions, Dorothy Behling of Bowling Green University found that students and teachers alike believe that uniform-clad students not only behave better, but also do better academically than those who dont wear uniforms. While this may be an illusion, these positive perceptions can help create a self-fulfilling prophecy that teachers and administrators raise their discipline and grading standards to reflect their more positive image of students, who, in turn, behave better. (School Discipline, 1). While research on the effectiveness of uniforms is still ongoing, they have been proven to raise test scores, boost self-esteem, reduce violence and crime, and create a sense of newfound pride in students. They help children to focus on learning and schoolwork, not on what everyone else is wearing or whether or not they fit in. Uniforms are not the solution to all of the problems that teens, teachers, and schools face today, but research and statistics suggest that they may be a step in the right direction.

The Little Big Man in Great Expectations :: Free Great Expectations Essays

The Little Big Man in Great Expectations Many people grow small trying to grow big. This idea appears prominently throughout the novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. This critical lens means that as a person tries to better them self, that have to be careful to be true to their values or they will become what they despise. This is a story about a boy who falls in love with a girl from a higher class. It seems as if these two could never really be together. Yet by some turn of events he gets a chance to rise to her status but there are many complications. In the beginning Pip, the main character, is happy and very content with his life. He is kind, caring, polite, generous, and companionate. Then everything changes when he meets Estella. She makes Pip miserable. She taunts and belittles him by making fun of his appearance and calling him "common." All the while, she is leading him on to make him suffer even more. Despite all this Pip, obsesses over Estella. It disturbs him the most to think that he and Estella could never be together as partners. For the first time he is dissatisfied with his life. After a year, Pip leaves to become a blacksmith, at the forge. To make matters worse, Estella leaves town for London so that she can learn to be a lady. With this separation always on his mind, Pip tries to go back to living his normal life; but he can't get the idea out of his head that he is a simpleton and that he is going to lead an insignificant life. Years later through some strange twist of fate, Pip becomes endowed with "great expectations" and is given an opportunity to go to London. Since Pip wanted to win Estella, he decides to make himself a gentleman. He thinks that this choice will make him important or big but that is far from the truth. Pip leaves his home and family where he once was taught about hard work, trust, truth, and love. He realizes later that the things he had learned discredit his idea that being a gentleman makes him more significant.

Darwinian Theory and the ‘Life of Pi’ Essay

Darwinian Theory may be used to explain Yann Martel’s novel ‘Life of Pi. ’ While the novel is an aesthetic portrayal of spirituality, purity, and practicality, it is nonetheless not immune to the issues of scientific validity, materiality, and determinism. In this paper, the author will explore the relationship of Darwinian Theory with the core concepts in the novel. These core concepts are, in general, assumed to be in conflict with the principles of Darwinian Theory. However, this assumption may be relaxed as the author sees fit. Novel Summary Piscine ‘Pi’ Molitor Patel lives in Pondicherry, India – a boy described as ‘curious, jolly, and deep-seated with learning. ’ His father is the owner of the Pondicherry Zoo. His mother is an avid reader of various literary works. Much of the protagonist’s learning experience came from school. Hi school is filled with amazing teachers – many of whom became personal mentors of Pi. Although he grew up as a Hindu, he discovered the Catholic faith at the age of 14 from a priest named Father Martin. However, upon meeting Mr. Kumar, a Muslim, he changes his religious orientation by practicing Islam. Pi openly defies the custom of religious conservatism by advocating liberalism in worship – he regards Catholicism, Islam, and Hinduism as legitimate religions. At the age of 16, Pi’s father decides to abandon Prime Minister’s Gandhi due to some political and ethical issues. The family is forced to move to Toronto, Canada. The animals in the zoo are dispersed to various zoos in the United States. On their way to Canada, the boat unexpectedly sinks. Only Pi survives – stuck with a dying hyena and a zebra. While struggling in the shark-infested water, he saves Richard Parker, a Bengal tiger. In the boat, predatory animals prey on herbivores and the carcasses of dead animals. For seven months, Pi hides on a raft behind the boat. He is able to tame Parker using a whistle. Parker seems to develop affection with Pi – Parker becomes the close partner of Pi. While at sea, Pi learns to eat from the sea. However, because the nutrition derived from the sea is insufficient to feed the two, both Pi and Parker become ill. As the health of both Pi and Parker deteriorate, the former loses his sight. Then, they come across another blind man – a person stranded in his lifeboat on the Pacific. The blind man intends to kill and eat Pi. However, the tiger (Parker) attacks and eats the blind man. Pi, however, sheds tears for the blind man, clearing his sight as a consequence. For a long period of time, the two suffered from the scourges of the seas. Then, they come across an island made of algae and populated with the so-called Meerkats. Pi begins to eat algae and gradually regains his strength. Parker also regains his strength by eating Meerkats. For several weeks both Pi and Parker live on the island. Both are very happy and almost optimistic of life. Eventually, Pi finds several sets of corroded human teeth wrapped in tree leaves. Pi is horrified. Pi realizes that during the night the algae become acidic. The island becomes carnivorous – one indicator of which is the sleeping habit of the Meerkats. Meerkats sleep at night to avoid danger. His discovery sends shivers on his body – a feeling of hopelessness and despair run in his mind. The next day, he leaves the island with Parker. After spending so much time in the ocean, Pi finally lands in Mexico. Parker runs off into the woods. Pi is eventually recovered by villagers who immediately take him to a nearby hospital. The shipping company which owned the ship interviewed Pi. Pi narrates his story to the representatives of the company – his 227-day journey on the boat and the fantastic tales of his experiences with Parker, the Bengal tiger, and of course, the ‘dangerous’ island. The representatives of the company do not believe Pi’s story and therefore ask Pi to relate another story. Pi narrates a second story. In the story, the cook of the boat kills both his mother and a sailor with a broken leg. Pi kills the cook. The company representatives realize that Pi’s second story parallels the first. Pi asks the representatives which story they like the most. The representatives agree they like the first story and the one they will use in their report. Darwinian Theory in the Novel In the first part of the novel, Darwinian Theory seems to be contradictory with the core concepts of the story. The story advocates the concepts of spirituality, freedom of conscience, purity, and spiritual origin of humanity as the main determinants of man’s journey in life. In the beginning, Pi’s life is governed by these principles, as evident by his deep-seated commitment to the precepts of spiritual living. Pi believes that the future of humanity depends on man’s commitment to his spiritual origin. Humanity is above materialism, prejudice, and the natural laws of selection, adaptation, and struggle. Hence, humanity is defined not by the peculiarities of deterministic living but by choice and freedom. If one uses Darwinian Theory, one can clearly see the contradictions. Darwinian Theory suggests: We have seen that man incessantly presents individual differences in all parts of his body and in his mental faculties. These differences or variations seem to be induced by the same general causes, and to obey the same laws as with the lower animals. In both cases similar laws of inheritance prevail. Man tends to increase at a greater rate than his means of subsistence; consequently he is occasionally subjected to a severe struggle for existence, and natural selection will have effected whatever lies within its scope (On the Origin of Species, 147). In short, the future of humanity is governed by the principles of struggle, variation, and adaptation. To deny the material origin of man is to deny his nature. The peculiarities of man’s existence, is therefore, clouded by lies which perpetuate in the human psyche. Darwinian Theory presents man in the most material form – man originated from lower forms through a perpetually long periods of time. In his book ‘The Descent of Man,’ Darwin clearly defined the nature of man. According to Darwin, man is an ubiquitous species selected by nature to perpetuate in the world. His main tool for survival is knowledge or technological advancement. However, this ‘advantage’ is not a departure from natural selection, struggle, or adaptation. Rather, it is part of nature – ungoverned by either choice or freedom – and subservient to the logic of evolution. In short, man is related to other species in one way or another. In the novel, Pi’s ingenuous anticipation of problems and its eventual resolution are presented as natural and instinctual. With this, one is forced to refer again to Darwin’s assertion which states: He who is not content to look, like a savage, at the phenomena of nature as disconnected, cannot any longer believe that man is the work of a separate act of creation. He will be forced to admit that the close resemblance of the embryo of man to that, for instance, of a dog- the construction of his skull, limbs and whole frame on the same plan with that of other mammals, independently of the uses to which the parts may be put- the occasional re-appearance of various structures, for instance of several muscles, which man does not normally possess, but which are common to the Quadrumana- and a crowd of analogous facts- all point in the plainest manner to the conclusion that man is the co-descendant with other mammals of a common progenitor (The Descent of Man, 74). Darwinian Theory begins to manifest itself in the second part of the novel. Pi’s struggles in the boat present three concrete principles of Darwinism: struggle, adaptation, and competition. Pi’s struggles are generally linked with the actions of other forms of living organisms – the zebras, hyena, the snake, and the orangutan. The boat represents a small world where the laws of Darwinism govern everything. According to Darwin, it is impossible for a human being to be separated from the discretion of nature, from the actions of other organisms, and the vagrant reality of materialism (On the Origin of Species, 59). The formal rule of human existence is no more different from the formal rule which governs nature. According to Darwin, struggle is the formal rule of existence: As the missletoe is disseminated by birds, its existence depends on birds; and it may metaphorically be said to struggle with other fruit-bearing plants, in order to tempt birds to devour and disseminate its seeds rather than those of other plants. In these several sense, which pass into each other, I use for convenience sake the general term of struggle for existence. A struggle for existence inevitably follows from the high rate at which organic beings tend to increase †¦ for only struggle can ensure the survival of every living organism (On the Origin of Species, 32-33). In short, Pi’s struggles in the boat are not an isolated form of adaptation but a real manifestation of the laws of nature (which Darwin established in his book ‘On the Origin of Species’). Natural selection is likewise manifested in Pi’s adventures in the island. The sleeping habit of the Meerkats is congruent with the environment of the island. Note that during nighttime, the island becomes ‘carnivorous’ and the algae turns into a colony of acidic organisms. In order for the Meerkats to thrive in the island, they must adapt to their environment. Their adaptation will serve as a medium for natural selection – a species capable of reproducing. As Darwin noted: But in the case of an island, or of a country partly surrounded by barriers, into which new and better adapted forms could not freely enter, we should then have places in the economy of nature which would assuredly be better filled up, if some of the original inhabitants were in some manner modified; for, had the area been open to immigration, these same places would have been seized on by intruders. In such case, every slight modification, which in the course of ages chanced to arise, and which in any way favoured the individuals of any of the species, by better adapting them to their altered conditions, would tend to be preserved; and natural selection would thus have free scope for the work of improvement (On the Origin of Species, 42). Note the similarity of Darwin’s assertions to the plot of the story. The propensity of survival depends first and foremost on the ability of organisms to adapt to their environment. Adaptation serves as a medium for natural selection (as in the case of the Meerkats in the novel). Conclusion The novel can be analyzed through the lens of Darwinism. It is clear that the novel contains elements of Darwinism. However, one should note that this form of interpretation is neither deterministic nor perpetual. Other types of interpretation may be used to analyze the novel (such as realism, deconstructionism, structuralism, etc. ) Works Cited Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species. London: London Publishing House, 1870/1992. Darwin, Charles. The Descent of Man. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company, 1882/2001. Martel, Yann. Life of Pi. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 2001.

Federal, State, and Local Levels of Law Enforcement

The different career types of law enforcement career options may have similarities or be quite different depending on whether the work involves federal, state, or local agency. The differences at local state and federal levels includes: benefits, jurisdictions, pay structure, job responsibilities, travel requirements, and career advancement opportunities among others. The similarities include power to make arrests without warrant for some crimes; they all carry firearms and are trained in similar law enforcement skills. Most of them have the same form of military structure. They also all risk their lives to ensure the law is enforced. According to SchebScheb (2011), â€Å"there are different roles played by legislatures, courts, and federal enforcement agencies at the federal, state, and local levels of government†. Local law enforcement agency officials who basically represent cities, townships and villages, are mainly the initial enforcement front for criminal’s laws and traffic laws. The mayors, municipal police officers and chiefs among others, protect citizens and enforce laws although they are limited to their assigned jurisdiction. Local law enforcement may provide crime prevention, community policing programs and other programs to help in protecting its jurisdictions. One of the main role of the State law enforcement is to patrol and enforce the laws on state highways and rural areas. 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